researchers are testing a group of 1000 patients for the existance of a certain disease with a normal appearance of 10%, the accuracy of of the test is 95%. a patient was tested and had been found positive, what are the odds that he suffers from the disease
for the financial sector a bonus is to actually know the source of this question - which is a research of Kahneman and Tversky described in "Fooled by randomness" by Nassim Nicholas Taleb.